Comparing MODFLOW simulation options for predicting intra‐meander flux          下载免费PDF全文

Theodore A. Endreny 《水文研究》2014,28(11):3824-3832

During the evolution of meander bends, the intra‐meander groundwater head gradients steepen and generate zones of accelerated water and nutrient intra‐meander fluxes important for ecosystem processes. This paper compares and contrasts three MODFLOW groundwater model packages based on their simulation of intra‐meander flux for two stages of meander evolution observed in a sandbox river table and one level of river bed clogging, where the hydraulic conductivity in the river bed is lower than in the adjacent aquifer. These packages are the Time‐Variant Specified Head package [constant head (CHD)], River package (RIV), and Streamflow‐Routing package (SFR2), each controlling the groundwater or river head bounding the intra‐meander region. The RIV and SFR2 packages fix river stage and allow for variation in groundwater head below the river, which is suggested for simulating intra‐meander flux for all sinuosities with and without river bed clogging whenever river bed parameters are available. The CHD package fixes below river groundwater head and fails to simulate intra‐meander head loss and flux in meanders with high sinuosity or river bed clogging. In low sinuosity meanders and in cases without river bed clogging, there were no significant differences between MODFLOW packages for simulating river intra‐meander head loss and flux. This research demonstrates why MODFLOW users need to consider the limitations of each package when simulating intra‐meander flux in reaches with river bed clogging, high sinuosity, or similarly steep hydraulic gradients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A global available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber for the FGGE year     

Steven J. Lambert 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):265-282

Abstract

A global vertically integrated available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber is formulated using spherical harmonics. Results of the budget equations applied to the four mid‐season months of the FGGE year are given.  相似文献   

山区河流宽谷段坝区土地利用动态变化及其与河道关系——以南汀河下游坝区为例     

樊基仓  樊辉  李翠翠 《云南地理环境研究》2011,23(6):79-85,F0003

采用ISODATA非监督分类方法,结合目视判读,对南汀河下游坝区1988年、1996年、2002年和2009年4期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像进行分类,以揭示研究区几十年来土地利用变化时空格局。基于遥感分类结果,运用单一土地利用动态度、综合土地利用动态度、土地利用转移率等指标,进一步分析了研究区土地利用变化强度与速率,以及土地利用变化强度与河道的关系。研究结果表明,南汀河下游坝区土地利用类型以园地为主,耕地次之,未利用土地、水域和建设用地所占比例均较小;近年来研究区土地利用变化有所加剧,1988～1996年、1996～2002年和2002～2009年3个时期综合土地利用动态度分别为1.83%、2.89%和3.05%,其中建设用地、未利用土地(主要为河滩裸地)、耕地的变动幅度较大;研究时段内,未利用土地面积由32.60 km2减小到9.68km2,而同期建设用地面积持续大幅增加,耕地先增后减,园地则先减后增;在距河岸1.5 km范围内,综合土地利用动态度随离河岸距离的增加而变小。  相似文献   

Deforestation,biomass and carbon finance in Amazonia     

《Climate Policy》2013,13(1):7-22

Biomass dynamics in Amazonia are quantified and the value that carbon finance could deliver from slowing deforestation is assessed. Above-ground forest biomass in the Legal Amazon shrank from 90 Pg to 76 Pg between 1978 and 2004. An average decrease of 0.64 Pg (standard error 0.38 Pg) per year was estimated for primary and econdary vegetation. For an improved, spatially and temporally explicit estimation, a time series of remote-sensing results and a model of secondary forest area and age distribution was combined with a large-scale forest-growth model. The observed trend of biomass decline is continuous and defines a baseline that the avoidance of deforestation could be measured against. Based on scenario calculations, the emission reductions from slightly reduced deforestation rates could be valued in the range of €1 billion annually. Carbon finance for reducing emissions from deforestation (‘avoided deforestation’), which is being discussed as an additional mechanism under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol, has the potential to alter the economic logic driving forest conversion.  相似文献   

Assessment of digital camera-derived vegetation indices in quantitative monitoring of seasonal rice growth   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Toshihiro Sakamoto  Michio Shibayama  Akihiko Kimura  Eiji Takada 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(6):872-882

A commercially available digital camera can be used in a low-cost automatic observation system for monitoring crop growth change in open-air fields. We developed a prototype Crop Phenology Recording System (CPRS) for monitoring rice growth, but the ready-made waterproof cases that we used produced shadows on the images. After modifying the waterproof cases, we repeated the fixed-point camera observations to clarify questions regarding digital camera-derived vegetation indices (VIs), namely, the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) based on daytime normal color images (RGB image) and the nighttime relative brightness index (NRBI_NIR) based on nighttime near infrared (NIR) images. We also took frequent measurements of agronomic data such as plant length, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground dry matter weight to gain a detailed understanding of the temporal relationship between the VIs and the biophysical parameters of rice. In addition, we conducted another nighttime outdoor experiment to establish the link between NRBI_NIR and camera-to-object distance. The study produced the following findings. (1) The customized waterproof cases succeeded in preventing large shadows from being cast, especially on nighttime images, and it was confirmed that the brightness of the nighttime NIR images had spatial heterogeneity when a point light source (flashlight) was used, in contrast to the daytime RGB images. (2) The additional experiment using a forklift showed that both the ISO sensitivity and the calibrated digital number of the NIR (cDN_NIR) had significant effects on the sensitivity of NRBI_NIR to the camera-to-object distance. (3) Detailed measurements of a reproductive stem were collected to investigate the connection between the morphological feature change caused by the panicle sagging process and the downtrend in NRBI_NIR during the reproductive stages. However, these agronomic data were not completely in accord with NRBI_NIR in terms of the temporal pattern. (4) The time-series data for the LAI, plant length, and aboveground dry matter weight could be well approximated by a sigmoid curve based on NRBI_NIR and VARI. The results confirmed that NRBI_NIR was more sensitive to all of the agronomic data for overall season, including the early reproductive stages. VARI had an especially high correlation with LAI, unless yellow panicles appeared in the field of view.  相似文献   

华能岳阳电厂泵房取水头部水下施工测量     

沙金平 《测绘与空间地理信息》2011,34(4):170-173

文章通过该工程泵房取水头部水下施工过程,简述水下施工测量方法。  相似文献   

陕鼓井气氡观测资料映震效能初探     

焦永红  何崇君  孟江峰  白云宏 《高原地震》2011,23(2):35-39

在陕西镇安ML3.6、临潼ML3.3、合阳ML3.1、千阳ML3.1级地震,四川汶川M8.0、青川M6.4、宁强M5.7级地震前后,陕鼓井的气氡观测数据均出现了大幅度的上升异常,表明陕鼓井的气氡异常不仅有较好的地震前兆效应而且还有震后效应,对出现的这种对应关系的机理进行了分析讨论.  相似文献   

祁连山西段党河山区流域气候变化及其对出山径流的影响与预估   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

蓝永超  沈永平  高前兆  胡兴林  丁宏伟  喇承芳  宋洁 《冰川冻土》2011,33(6):1259-1267

依据祁连山西段党河山区气象台站的气温、降水和出山口水文站的径流等观测数据,分析1960-2010年51a来党河出山径流量的变化特征、趋势及其对气候变化的响应.结果表明：近51a来,党河山区气候转暖湿明显,气温上升,降水量增加、冰川消融增加.受山区气候变化影响,出山径流量总体亦呈增长趋势.从径流的补给来源与季节水量变化上...  相似文献   

干旱区潜水蒸发研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵玉杰  周金龙  李巧 《地下水》2011,33(5):189-192

在干旱区蒸发强烈,潜水蒸发不仅会造成地下水水量上的损失,而且会引起土壤盐渍化,影响植被生长。研究总结干旱区潜水蒸发规律对节约水资源、保护生态环境等都具有重要意义。综述了干旱区潜水蒸发的研究意义、影响因素、研究方法及其应用。  相似文献   

昌化明矾石石英地鸡血石的宝石矿物学特征     

戴慧  张青  蒋小平  王政 《地质科学译丛》2011,(2):27-30

利用宝石学常规手段、偏反光显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线粉末衍射仪和X荧光光谱仪等测试方法对昌化明矾石石英地鸡血石的宝石矿物学特征进行了较详细的分析。结果发现,该品种鸡血石中的＂地＂主要由明矾石和石英组成,并含少量的黄铁矿和镜铁矿,不含地开石和高岭石。据其透明度、光泽、硬度等特征应归属于＂刚地＂鸡血石,但其矿物组成明显不同于其它含有粘土矿物的昌化＂刚地＂鸡血石。X荧光光谱仪的测试结果显示,样品中含有一定量的Sr和Ba,推测其可能含有少量的天青石-重晶石的类质同象系列矿物。  相似文献